- Cells are tiny and can only be seen under the microscope.
- The microscope is used to magnify the size of tiny organisms so that they can be seen.
- Slide preparation:
- Place the specimen on a clean glass slide.
- Add a drop of water and cover with a cover slip.
- Make sure that air bubbles are not trapped under the cover slip.
- Letakkan spesimen organisma seni di atas sisip kaca yang bersih.
- Titiskan dengan setitik air dan tutup dengan penutup sisip.
- Pastikan tidak ada gelembung udara yang terperangkap semasa tutup dengan penutup sisip.
- Most cells have the following parts:
- Semi-permeable thin layer
Selaput nipis separa telap - Controls the exchange of cellular materials
Mengawal pertukaran bahan sel - Colourless and jelly-like part of a cell
Bahagian sel yang tidak berwarna dan berbentuk seperti jeli - Dissolves food and allows chemical processes to occur Melarutkan bahan makanan dan membolehkan proses kimia berlaku
- Contains genetic information which controls all cell activities
Mengandungi kandungan genetik untuk mengawal semua aktiviti sel - Place where water, dissolved minerals, sugar and waste materials are stored Tempat di mana air, larutan garam, gula dan bahan buangan disimpan
- Contain the green pigment chlorophyll which essential for photosynthesis
Mengandungi pigmen hijau klorofil yang sesuai untuk fotosintesis - Found only in plant cells Hanya dalam sel tumbuhan hijau
- Consists of nucleus and cytoplasm Terdiri daripada nukleus dan sitoplasma
- Place where chemical activities occurTempat berlaku proses kimia
- The differences between animal and plant cells.
- Unicellular organisms are organisms that consist of only one cell. Organisma unisel ialah organisma yang terdiri daripada satu sel sahaja.
- Examples of unicellular organisms are amoeba, chlamydomonas, yeast, paramecium, pleurococcus, and euglena. Contoh organisma unisel adalah ameba, klamidomonas, yis, paramesium, pleurokokus dan euglena.
- Multicellular organisms are organisms which consist of many cells. Organisma multisel ialah organisma yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu sel.
- Examples of multicellular organisms are spirogyra, hydra, animals and plants. Contoh organisma multisel ialah spirogira, hidra, haiwan dan tumbuhan.
- Humans are complex multicellular organisms. They have various cells that perform different functions as shown in Table 1.02.4.
- A group of cells that carry out the same function form a tissue.
- Tissues that group together and perform the same function form an organ. An example of an organ is the heart.
- A group of organs that perform a certain living process form a system.
- The organization of human cells is shown below: Cell → tissue → organ → system → body Organisma sel manusia ditunjukkan seperti berikut: Sel → tisu → organ → sistem → badan
- Humans are complex organisms created by God because they contain various cells organized into tissues, organs and systems. Manusia merupakan makhluk ciptaan Tuhan yang kompleks kerana mempunyai pelbagai jenis sel yang diorganisasikan kepada tisu, organ dan sistem.
- Human beings are special because they can think rationally. Manusia makhluk istimewa kerana mereka boleh berfikir secara rasional.
- They should take care of their body systems in order to remain healthy. They must…
- have a balance diet.
- keep themselves clean.
- rest and sleep adequately.
- exercise.
- go for regular check-ups.
- spend time for recreation.
- spend time with the family
Sel adalah seni dan hanya boleh dilihat melalui mikroskop.
Mikroskop digunakan untuk membesarkan saiz supaya organisma seni boleh dilihat.
Figure 1.02.1 Microscope Rajah 1.02.1 Mikroskop |
Part Bahagian | Function Fungsi |
---|---|
Eyepiece Kanta mata | Magnifies the image from the objective lens by 10x Membesarkan imej daripada kanta objek, biasanya 10x |
Objective lenses Kanta objek | Focus and magnify object by 4x Memfokuskan dan membesarkan objek biasanya 4x |
Clips Klip | Hold glass slide Memegang sisip kaca |
Stage Pentas | Supports glass slide Menyokong sisip kaca |
Diaphragm Diafragma | Controls the amount of light entering the lens Mengawal kuantiti cahaya yang memasuki kanta |
Mirror Cermin | Reflects light into the microscope Memantulkan cahaya ke dalam mikroskop |
Coarse focus knob Pelaras kasar | Controls the height of the microscope tube for focusing Menyelaraskan ketinggian salur mikroskop untuk fokus kasar |
Fine focus knob Pelaras halus | Controls the height of the microscope tube with more accurately Menyelaraskan ketinggian salur mikroskop dengan lebih tepat |
Condenser Kondenser | Helps to focus a beam of light on the specimen Menolong memfokuskan alur cahaya ke atas spesimen |
Tube Salur | Holds the objective lens at a fixed distance from the eyepiece Memegang kanta mata pada jarak yang tetap dari kanta mata |
Arm Lengan | Supports the tube Menyokong salur |
Base Tapak | Supports the microscope Menyokong mikroskop |
Table 1.02.1 The function of a microscope
Jadual 1.02.1 Fungsi mikroskop
Kebanyakan sel mempunyai struktur-struktur yang berikut:
Cell part Struktur sel | Characteristics and functions Ciri dan fungsi |
---|---|
Cell membrane Membran sel | |
Cytoplasm Sitoplasma | |
Nucleus Nukleus | |
Vacuole Vakuol | |
Chloroplast Kloroplas | |
Protoplasm Protoplasma |
Table 1.02.2 Cell parts
Jadual 1.02.2 Struktur-struktur sel
Perbezaan antara sel haiwan dengan sel tumbuhan.
Aspect Struktur sel | Animal cell Sel haiwan | Plant cell Sel tumbuhan | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell shape Bentuk sel | Not fixed Tidak tetap | Fixed Tetap | ||||||||||||||||||
Cell wall Dinding sel | Absent Tiada | Has cell wall made of cellulose Mempunyai dinding sel yang terdiri daripada selulosa | ||||||||||||||||||
Chloroplasts Kloroplas | Absent Tiada | Present Ada | ||||||||||||||||||
Vacuole Vakuol | Only found in lower animals Hanya terdapat pada haiwan peringkat rendah | Present Ada | ||||||||||||||||||
Type of granules Jenis granul | Glycogen granules Granul glikogen | Starch granules Granul kanji | ||||||||||||||||||
Size Saiz | Smaller Lebih kecil | Bigger Lebih besar | ||||||||||||||||||
Cell structure Struktur sel |
animal cell sel haiwan |
plant cell sel tumbuhan |
Table 1.02.3 The differences between animal and plant cells
Jadual 1.02.3 Perbezaan antara sel haiwan dengan sel tumbuhan
1.02.2 | Unicellular and Multicellular Organism | |
Organisma Unisel dan Organisma Multisel |
| |||
Figure 1.02.2 Unicellular organisms Rajah 1.02.2 Organisma unisel |
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Figure 1.02.3 Multicellular organisms Rajah 1.02.3 Organisma multisel |
1.02.3 | Cell Organization in the Human Body | |
Organisasi Dalam Badan Manusia |
Manusia merupakan organisma multisel yang kompleks. Mereka mempunyai pelbagai jenis sel yang menjalankanfungsi-fungsi tertentu seperti dalam Jadual 1.02.4.
Type of cell Jenis sel | Function Fungsi |
---|---|
Epithelial cells Sel epitelium | Protect other cells Melindungi sel yang terletak di bawahnya |
Nerve cells Sel saraf | Carry impulses from one part of the body to another Membawa impuls dari satu bahagian badan ke bahagian yang lain. |
Red blood cells Sel darah merah | Carry oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin in the blood to all parts of the body Membawa oksigen dalam bentuk oksihemoglobin ke seluruh badan melalui darah |
White blood cells Sel darah putih | Kill bacteria in the body Membunuh bakteria dalam badan |
Muscle cells Sel otot | Move certain parts of the body Menggerakkan bahagian badan tertentu |
Reproductive cells Sel pembiakan | Gametes which produce offspring Gamet untuk menghasilkan anak |
Table 1.02.4 Types of cells and their functions
Jadual 1.02.4 Jenis sel dan fungsinya
Satu kumpulan sel yang sejenis dan menjalankan sesuatu fungsi yang sama disebut tisu.
Tisu-tisu yang berkumpul bersama dan mempunyai fungsi-fungsi tertentu dipanggil organ. Contoh organ adalah jantung.
Sekumpulan organ berlainan yang menjalankan suatu proses kehidupan membentuk satu sistem.
System Sistem | Organs Organ-organ | Function Fungsi |
---|---|---|
Digestive system Sistem pencernaan | Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas Mulut, perut, usus, pankreas | Digests and absorbs food Mencernakan dan menyerap makanan |
Respiratory system Sistem pernafasan | Nose, trachea, lungs Hidung, trakea, peparu | Takes oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide and water from the body Mengambil oksigen masuk ke dalam badan dan menyingkirkan karbon dioksida dan air yang tidak diperlukan |
Blood circulatory system Sistem peredaran darah | Heart, blood capillaries Jantung, salur-salur darah | Carries oxygen and food around the body Membawa oksigen dan makanan mengelilingi badan |
Excretory system Sistem perkumuhan | Kidneys, liver Ginjal, hati | Expels waste products such as urea and water from the body Menyingkirkan bahan-bahan buangan seperti urea dan air keluar daripada badan |
Muscular system Sistem otot | Various types of muscles Pelbagai jenis otot | Allows certain parts to move Membolehkan pergerakan bahagian-bahagian badan |
Nervous system Sistem saraf | Brain, nerves Otak, saraf, | Regulates all activities Menyelaraskan segala aktiviti badan |
Skeletal system Sistem rangka | Various types of bones Pelbagai jenis tulang | Supports the body, protects the organs Menyokong badan, melindungi organ-organ |
Reproductive system Sistem pembiakan | Ovaries, testis Ovari, testis | Produces babies Melahirkan anak |
Sensory system Sistem deria | Eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin Mata, telinga, lidah, hidung, kulit | Detects external stimuli Mengesan ransangan-rangsangan luar badan |
Table 1.02.5 Systems of the human body
Jadual 1.02.5 Sistem dalam badan manusia
1.02.4 | The Human Being - A Complex Organism | |
Kejadian Manusia – Organisma Yang kompleks |
GOOD ENTRY
ReplyDeletebayangkan jika manusia ialah organisma yg ringkas apakh jawapnnya
ReplyDeleteThanks for sharing!
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